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lunedì 4 maggio 2026

377. RISALENDO NEL GENNAIO DEL 1981, IN SUD SUDAN, IL NILO BIANCO IN PIROGA: CRONACA DAL PROFONDO E MARTORIATO SUD DEL MONDO. PARTE I: Lenta navigazione, tra isole stracolme di papiri, ambatch, uccelli e serpenti velenosi, a bordo del mio Boeing 707, che non viene da Seattle, ma è un tronco scavato, spinto da due giganti nilotici; si cerca di evitare le pericolose isole galleggianti di giacinti d'acqua

 

Direzione Sobat. Undici ore di navigazione lenta, l’unica via possibile. Di tanto in tanto impugno la pagaia anch’io: ogni colpo d'acqua mi avvicina alle testimonianze storiche che cerco, prima che il tempo le cancelli del tutto

Premessa

   Questo è uno dei tre post tratti da un mio articolo inedito del 1996.

 Così risale a prima che il Sud Sudan diventasse indipendente, e a prima dell’insorgere di un’ulteriore guerra civile ed interetnica, nel Sud Sudan indipendente!

   Oggi (2026) la città di Malakal è distrutta ed è stata completamente abbandonata dai suoi abitanti

   Quindi la guerra civile, di cui parlo nel post, si riferisce a quella tra il nord arabo (o arabizzato) musulmano, e il sud, negro e cristiano. 

   “È questa la cronaca di un viaggio insolito, per certi versi straordinario, che effettuai nell'ormai lontano 1981, nel corso del mio secondo soggiorno di ricerca antropologica nella città multietnica di Malakal. 

È un racconto "diverso", che proviene da una lontana regione del profondo sud del mondo, allora non ancora tormentata da una nuova ed ancora più sanguinosa guerra civile (rispetto a quella precedente) tra nord, arabo e musulmano, e il sud negro e cristiano (o "pagano").

 Una regione che da quindici anni è praticamente inaccessibile e chiusa ad ogni influsso o presenza esterna, dove di tanto in tanto filtra solo qualche raro intervento umanitario o d'emergenza alimentare (ONU o di qualche altra organizzazione internazionale).

 Un'immensa area sulla quale poco si sa, e molto poco o niente riesce ad arrivare in Occidente: notizie, informazioni, situazione generale.

 Perfino il Papa più volte ha avuto occasione di riferirsi accoratamente al "caro Sudan", ma senza alcun apparente risultato. I mass media non sono graditi, quindi non entrano nel paese e, perciò, per quanto riguarda il Sudan, "vuoto assoluto" o "buco nero" nelle nostre comunicazioni del villaggio globale. 

È come se non esistesse!  

   È quindi, il mio, il breve racconto di un'esperienza che, almeno per il prossimo futuro, non avrà alcuna occasione di potersi ripetere.

Le distese paludose del sudd e il tracciato del Canale dello Jonglei (Some rights reserved, Soleincitta)

   Nel corso di quella mia "avventura" ho avuto modo, tra l'altro, di assistere alla nascita (ed alla morte) di una faraonica opera idraulica (la costruzione del canale dello Jonglei) che, proprio perché abortita quasi sul nascere, ha almeno evitato (secondo numerosi esperti) il verificarsi di un altro grandioso disastro naturale, che avrebbe colpito duramente le popolazioni nomadi ivi localizzate.

 Queste hanno comunque dovuto subire gli attacchi "voluti" da parte delle più micidiali armi umane.

   Carestia e fame, emigrazioni forzate o volontarie, hanno finito per stravolgere il tessuto socio-culturale ed etnico di quelle genti.

   Le popolazioni: i civili, i bambini, le donne e gli anziani, anche in questo caso, "more solito", sono state le uniche a rimetterci - anche pagando con la propria vita e al prezzo di innumerevoli sofferenze - nei contrasti etnici ed ideologici perseguiti da "poteri" e interessi contrapposti, spesso completamente estranei, e perciò distaccati, dalla vita "reale" dei singoli, dei gruppi, delle comunità.

Questo documento viene "dedicato con affetto" a tutti i sudanesi meridionali che ho incontrato, con cui ho parlato, discusso, lavorato, con i quali ho sempre interagito, e con i quali ho peraltro spesso condiviso, in quella regione, le mille asperità di una difficile, "esistenzialmente parlando", ricerca sul campo. 

Sia nel 1979, che nel 1980/81. 

E lo dedico anche a tutti coloro che non ho avuto la possibilità di incontrare. 

Molti di loro sono ormai morti, altri sono scappati altrove

Altri stanno combattendo per difendere la propria vita, quella dei loro cari e la propria terra.

A loro perciò dedico questa modesta testimonianza.

Il tratto del Nilo Bianco da Khartoum a Malakal (allora Provincia del Nilo Superiore). Il Sud Sudan diventerà indipendente nel 2011. Dalla Carta Michelin, Africa di Nord-Est, 1:4.000.000, 1975

Prima della partenza da Malakal, con il mio borsone impermeabile e galleggiante, e i miei due assistenti  di ricerca

"Sono già oltre quattro ore che mi sono lasciato alle spalle la cittadina sudanese di Malakal, capoluogo della Provincia del Nilo Superiore, nel Sudan meridionale, 850 Km circa a sud di Khartoum.

 Mi trovo a bordo di un Boeing 707 e, ad un tratto, un mio grido di sorpresa riesce ad interrompere bruscamente la meravigliosa, ma indubbiamente ossessiva, cantilena che il membro adulto del piccolo equipaggio aveva iniziato fin dalla partenza, ritmandola al movimento del mezzo di locomozione. 

In lontananza attraverso il sole accecante ho scorto sulla sinistra, al di sopra di una leggera sommità, anche se dissimulati dagli alberi, i resti di quello che costituiva un inatteso e sorprendente, per quei paraggi, edificio in muratura. 

Mi trovo finalmente a poca distanza dal luogo dove una volta sorgeva l'importante centro regionale di Tawfikyya, le cui tracce sembravano essersi completamente dissolte tra le pieghe della storia.

 I suoi abitanti improvvisamente l'avevano abbandonato all'inizio del novecento, per motivi che sto appunto cercando di scoprire, sia rintracciandoli faticosamente qua e là, in vari archivi più o meno polverosi, sia pazientemente ricostruendo frammenti di informazioni che vado raccogliendo dai diversi anziani intervistati".

Alcune rapide delucidazioni circa il contesto nel quale ci troviamo. 

È il 9 gennaio del 1981 e il Boeing 707 del quale parlo non è naturalmente il diffuso aereo della fabbrica di Seattle, bensì una lunga piroga monoxila (ricavata, cioè, da un solo tronco d'albero)[1], così soprannominata in Juba Arabic

Essa viene sospinta da due esperti e robusti pagaiatori: a poppa siede Chol[2], un Dinka (cioè un appartenente ad uno dei più importanti gruppi nilotici, la cui più evidente caratteristica è, oltre quella di essere dedito alla pastorizia nomade, o transumante, anche la notevole statura - in genere oltre i due metri -). 

A prua manovra il più giovane John, uno Shilluk, figlio del fratello della madre Shilluk di Chol.  

Io mi trovo esattamente al centro dell'imbarcazione. 

Sono attaccato per mezzo di una lunga corda, in modo da non perderla, in caso di un sempre possibile rovesciamento dell'imbarcazione, alla mia borsa impermeabile e galleggiante, che contiene alcuni documenti, un po' di cibo e acqua e l'indispensabile attrezzatura fotografica. 

Cerco sempre di conservare una noiosa e difficile posizione accucciata, che ha lo scopo di non farmi rimanere per lunghe ore a macerare nell'acqua, sempre presente sul fondo. 

Mi accompagnano in questa occasione due dei miei assistenti di ricerca, anche loro Shilluk.

Stiamo risalendo lentamente il corso del "celebre" Nilo Bianco, cercando di conservare una posizione equidistante dalla riva destra.

 Avremmo incontrato, in particolar modo durante quelle che furono le prime ore del mattino (e della nostra navigazione) diverse piroghe e zattere (otiak) dirette a Malakal. 

Erano per lo più di Nuer che portavano ai suqs i loro carichi di pesce secco (e spesso provenivano dalla lontana isola di Zeraf), ma anche di apajo (erba dal sapore zuccherino utilizzato per l'alimentazione del bestiame: un fascio costa 25 piastre sudanesi). 

Di volta in volta costeggiamo numerose lussureggianti isole stracolme di papiri, ambatch[3] , uccelli e serpenti più o meno velenosi. 

Cerchiamo infatti quanto più possibile di evitare il rigore della corrente contraria e le consistenti ed innumerevoli isole galleggianti di giacinti d'acqua che, sebbene bellissime a vedersi, rappresentano un costante pericolo per l'intera navigazione fluviale.

L'eichornia crassipes, il giacinto d'acqua[4], unitamente ai papiri ed a tutta una straordinariamente rigogliosa vegetazione[5] in questi ultimi decenni ha contribuito grandemente a rafforzare il sudd, da sempre un'autentica e, spesso insormontabile, "barriera" di paludi e acquitrini[6]

E ciò risulta specialmente vero laddove il corso del Nilo Banco, oltrepassato il Lago No, si tramuta nel Bahr el-Jebel. 

La barriera avrà termine solo alcune centinaia di chilometri più a sud, generalmente all'altezza della cittadina di Bor. 

Va infatti detto come giacinti d'acqua e papiri, ma particolarmente questi ultimi, staccandosi dai bordi del fiume coinvolgano nella caduta una grande quantità di zolle di terra. 

In tal modo queste tenderanno gradualmente ad accumularsi fino a formare vere e proprie isole galleggianti di notevole ampiezza, lunghezza (anche più di un chilometro) ed altezza, anche oltre i 23 metri. 

Una così imponente barriera è riuscita a bloccare la navigazione fluviale fin dai tempi più antichi.

   È noto come i due centurioni romani, inviati dall'imperatore Nerone nel 66 d.C. verso il sud, alla ricerca delle sorgenti del Grande Fiume, rimasero bloccati proprio da questa ridondante ed apparentemente invalicabile vegetazione. 

Ai nostri giorni riesce a ritardare notevolmente i tempi di percorrenza. 

Samuel Baker, 1870 (1821-1893)

Si può avere una qualche idea circa l'impenetrabilità, nel passato, di questo formidabile baluardo pensando che l'esploratore Samuel Baker, per andare da Khartoum a Gondokoro, nei pressi dell'attuale città di Juba, impiegò ben 18 mesi, laddove per lo stesso percorso, sgombro però di vegetazione, il Gordon ci mise solo 26 giorni! Si deve ancora ricordare come la diga di Jebel Aulia, che attualmente interrompe la navigazione fluviale qualche chilometro a sud di Khartoum, in quell'epoca non esistesse, naturalmente...

   Nell'aprile del 1979 il battello a pale che scendeva da Juba rimase bloccato dai giacinti del sudd per un periodo di tre settimane. 

Nel 1980 il centro di Bentiu non poteva essere raggiunto per nave, mentre nel 1981 il fiume Pibor sarebbe stato totalmente invaso dalle piante[7].

[1] In Shilluk: scherock;

[2] Proveniente dal villaggio di Atar, si è stabilito in uno dei villaggi Shilluk situati di fronte la città di Malakal. Di mestiere fa il traghettatore tra le due sponde del Nilo.

[3] Herminiera elaphroxylon: è un legno più leggero del sughero con il quale Shilluk e Dinka costruiscono belle zattere (abobo), dalla prua decisamente ricurva. Nel 1979, allorché lentamente risalii per quattro giorni il Nilo Bianco a bordo di un vecchio battello a pale, ebbi modo di vederne e fotografarne diverse, tutte manovrate da una sola persona. Tra i molteplici e stupendi ricordi di quell'indimenticabile esperienza, conservo ancora chiaramente le immagini di quegli uomini che, per non venire travolti dalla forte ondata che il battello a vapore creava con il suo passaggio, si aggrappavano letteralmente ai forti fasci di papiri sparsi qua e là lungo le sponde del fiume. Ricordo ancora come esse fossero utilmente e generalmente utilizzate, unitamente alle piroghe, per attraversare il Nilo a Malakal. Ricordo infine come tali zattere assomiglino molto, anche se ovviamente i materiali utilizzati sono di volta in volta diversi, ad altri modelli di imbarcazioni-zattere, come quelle fatte con fusti di papiro (taukwa) del lago Tana (Etiopia), o i caballitos del Perù. Già le più conosciute balsas del lago Titicaca (Bolivia) sono, ad esempio, ben più complesse e di maggiori proporzioni.

[4] Arrivato in Sudan dal Sud America sul finire degli anni '50 (Beshir, 1984, vol.II: 22), esso si è immediatamente moltiplicato, spandendosi lungo il corso di diversi fiumi dell'Africa, come il Congo e lo Zambesi. È presente anche in numerosi fiumi cinesi, vietnamiti, del Bangla Desh, ecc... Va comunque aggiunto, che accanto all'aspetto negativo che indubbiamente esso costituisce per la navigazione fluviale e lacustre, a causa della sua immensa capacità riproduttiva, abbia anche un alto potere depurativo e venga impiegato da alcuni anni negli impianti di depurazione fognaria, anche in Italia. Questa pianta è infatti in grado di assorbire metalli pesanti, come piombo e mercurio, e di filtrare i fanghi organici privandoli di fosforo e azoto. I suoi tuberi possono essere infine utilizzati nell'alimentazione suina. Queste piante, infine, possono essere facilmente incluse in quell'elementare processo che tende alla formazione del prezioso biogas.

[5] Sommario elenco delle piante presenti nel sudd - oltre ai papiri, all'ambatch ed ai giacinti d'acqua: Typha domingensis, Vossia cuspidata, Phragmites mauritianus,

Vigna nilotica, Luffa cylindrica, Ipomea aquatica, Nymphaea caerulea, Pistia stratiotes, Azolla nilotica, Vaslinaria, Trapa, Utricularia, Potamogeton, Ceratophyllum demersum.

[6] Dall'arabo sudud, forma plurale di sadd.

[7] Al tempo dei miei soggiorni nell'area, avevo constatato come operatori del German Technical Aid portassero avanti un progetto che prevedeva la loro eliminazione, o almeno un loro maggiore controllo, tramite l'utilizzo di potenti erbicidi.

sabato 2 maggio 2026

376.bis Have you ever wondered what lies at the very edge of the world? My winter journey to the Shetland Islands was a pilgrimage through mist, shipwrecks, and ancient Norse legends. I’ve just posted a new entry on my blog about ULTIMA THULE, my book dedicated to these rugged islands. Check it out for a glimpse of Esha Ness in winter

 

The dramatic cliffs of Esha Ness: where the raw power of the Atlantic meets the edge of the ancient world. A pivotal moment of my winter journey

The journey to the northernmost tip of the British Isles begins long before reaching the coast of Lerwick. Starting from the medieval streets of Durham and crossing the rugged Lake District, my winter study journey led me to a land of shipwrecks, smugglers, and "Witch Hills".
 ...

Pytheas "had heard that it is the most northerly of the British Isles, six days to the north of Britain and close almost one day only from the "Sea Ice", if it was not conceived as "Congealed Sea" (...) in which land and sea and everything floats, which is in a kind of jumble that holds all these things together, something that cannot be exceeded by men and ships (...) there is habitable land up to the "extreme parts around Thule".

Pytheas is the Greek geographer, navigator and astronomer (...) who, at the end of the fourth century B.C., made his famous and adventurous journey to the European boreal lands. 

Up to what was defined as the island of Thule or Ultima Thule: "extreme inhabited and habitable region, beyond which it was the domain of the sea, the fog, the storms and the ice". 

According to some, Thule would be identifiable in the Shetland Islands (...) 

I do not know if this northern archipelago is the Thule, more or less "Ultima", of the adventurous Greek. 

Undoubtedly for me, the island of Mainland represented the northernmost point touched in my life. 

Especially since the particular geo-astronomical aspect was immediately confirmed, if it was still needed, by the harsh winter climate. 

Connected by a frost so intense as to penetrate the bones. Often accompanied by impressive gusts of wind, suddenly able to push you. 

A worrying thing, indeed, especially when I went to admire the beautiful and impressive cliffs of the island overhanging the sea. So much to compel me, precautionary, to observe them from the edge, staying carefully "belly on the ground"...

And to say that, the year after, not even nine months away, I would even have reached the closest point to the Magnetic Pole.

In Resolute Bay (Lat 74 ° 41 'N), in the Canadian High Arctic, during my anthropological survey among the Eskimos (Inuit). Then, twenty years later, on two occasions, in the Norwegian Arctic Islands of SvalbardI would have crossed that latitude. 

First in Longyearbyen (Lat 78 ° 13' N), the capital, afterwards in Ny-Ålesund (Lat 78 ° 55' N), the historic "King’s Bay", on the occasion of the inauguration of the Italian Station Airship Italia.

Yet in 1982 I could feel more than satisfied with what, at the time, was my personal record. 

For the first time in my life I, who had carried out fieldworks only in tropical countries, could even think of finding myself more far north, than I really was. 

Like the numerous protagonists of the adventurous exploring and ethno-anthropological expeditions, that fascinated me so much as a boy.

...

The idea of writing this book, making it available to a wider audience of readers, compared to those who had been able to read my articles on the subject (...), came watching some episodes of: Shetland, a television series, produced by ITV for BBC Scotland

The protagonist was a police detective from Lerwick who, of course, successfully investigated the murders perpetrated in Mainland, the main island of the archipelago. 

Among other things, originally he was from Fair Island, the southernmost island, halfway between Shetland and Orkney.

Unexpectedly I felt a strong sense of nostalgia, looking again on the screen that environment, so completely different from the Mediterranean. 

Almost always characterized by a chiaroscuro of unusual, albeit singular, beauty. 

Which, soon left aside, after a strong shower of rain. Leaving space to vivid colours, which paradoxically make their appearance, one by one. 

The majestic panoramas, the gigantic cliffs overlooking the sea, the low clouds, the decidedly subarctic atmosphere, reminded me that those islands could really represent, about 2,500 years ago, the last habitable land of the oecumene

Because, even at a not so excessive latitude, I could even have the good luck to admire, high in the night sky, the shattering and phantasmagorical Northern Lights of the Ultima Thule...

That Nordic journey, carried out above all in a prohibitive season (December), would have been for me the very first approach to an ecological-cultural reality, radically different from all those that, until then, I knew (Sudan, Kenya, Mexico). 

That, the following year, with my survey among six Inuit communities of the Canadian Arctic, it would be strengthened. 

Since, in the mythical North West Passage, I would have gone even further north, not too far from the Magnetic Pole (...) 

Among other things, in those Scottish islands the former Africanist, as I was, would "meet" the Vikings for the first time. 

An initial approach, which later should have been consolidated. Since the Shetlands unknowingly represented the first of many "steps" of my future wandering, on the trail of the so-called Viking “Overseas Movement”, which would lead me: still to the South-West (Orkney, Scotland and North-Eastern England, Outer Hebrides (...), to the East (Russia).

From the foundational point of view of the Maritime Communities, that later I would approach, the "Vikings" constituted only one of the different aspects, present in the whole picture, even if among the most important and adventurous. 

Thanks to that study trip or, if you like, reconnaissance, before to the Shetlands, then to the southern Orkneys, even if unintentionally would have been thrown the first seed of what later would be transformed into my North Atlantic Maritime Community Program.

Communities that (...) have many common features. 

In fact, in addition to the presence of the Scandinavian raiders, who later became peaceful settlers, when we talk about North Atlantic Islands, we cannot fail to mention their geo-cultural isolation, sometimes even linguistic (.... Again, from the glottological point of view, the islands can be "dichotomized", because it is possible to distinguish those of substantially Celtic-Gaelic derivation, from those of originally Scandinavian-Viking language and culture.

Furthermore, their distance from the mother country must be underlined. So, the difficulty, or the total absence, of the maritime connections, especially in a more or less distant past. 

This often was added to the shortage or lack of essential supplies, especially food (...). 

Capable of provoking recurrent collective existential crises. Enough to make even impossible to survive. 

So that, as extrema ratio, repeatedly they would resort to the evacuation of their inhabitants. 

As in the case of the Outer Hebrides (island of Mingulay), or of the far more remote island of the "bird-men" of St Kilda

Otherwise, it was thought seriously to clear all the islanders (Iceland).

Based on the universe around (...) over time communities have sought to diversify their economies. 

So, even in consideration of the difficult conditions of the ocean waters, the islanders have often preferred to devote themselves to the hard cultivation of small plots of land (crofts), to obtain the necessary to survive. Rather than engaging in fishing. 

Which, when it happened, generally was only coastal, and faced with modest boats. 

Fact also due to the almost total lack of trees, which went hand in hand with the gradual loss, over time, of the indispensable nautical know-how. 

In fact, this was an insurmountable deterrent, which in most cases would have prevented them from going on to build vessels able to sail the ocean.

Thus, from the historical-cultural point of view, the Shetland islanders have been defined as "peasants with a boats". 

Compared to their Orkney "neighbours", considered "fishermen who cultivate". Cultivations in both cases associated with sheep breeding, both for wool and for meat. 

To which in several archipelagos fowling is added, for the presence of innumerable sea birds (...), for meat and eggs. 

(...) In the years, the Shetland communities have gone through genuine "Cultural Revolutions": four, from the middle of the nineteenth century to today! 

The penultimate of which, induced by the discovery and exploitation of oil in the North Sea, with the drilling platforms, saw me in 1982 as a witness.

I have dedicated the main chapters to the archipelago as a whole, to Mainland, the largest of the islands, and to the capital Lerwick. 

I added another chapter on Fair Isle, which I only observed flying over it with the plane, which took me to Orkneys. 

Since it is an important island. Not just because the model of the famous Shetland pullover comes from there. 

But for the reason that it was the scene of an innumerable series of shipwrecks, both of foreign ships, such as El Gran Grifón, belonging to the Spanish Great Armada, and of many island boats, in the so-called Year of the Disaster

Engraving by Jules Noël, 1873, representing the shipwrecks of the Invincible Armada in 1588

  From: ULTIMA THULE. MEMORIES OF A WINTER STUDY JOURNEY TO THE SHETLAND ISLANDS

E-Book, paper version in colour and black and white, 131 pages, 119 notes, 115 images, of which 90 in colour (55 belong to the Photo Gallery of the A.] 


https://www.amazon.it/dp/B07PJCFJL2

https://www.amazon.it/dp/1799117596

https://www.amazon.it/dp/1094776688
SUMMARY
-PREFACE 
-INTRODUCTION 
-STOPOVER IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND: DURHAM AND THE EXCURSION TO THE LAKE DISTRICT 
Durham, "model" of Urban Geography 
Warkworth, Lindisfarne and Durham 
Durham Foundation 
Sir Walter Scott, the Shetlands and Durham 
From coal mines to university colleges 
The excursion to Lake District 
-HISTORY OF SHETLANDS 
The Picts, the Brochs, Jarlshof 
Jarlshof 
Broch Clickhmin, Lerwick 
Vikings, Norwegians, Danish-Norwegians, Scots 
The archipelagos of the Shetlands and Orkneys offered under warranty to Scotland 
-LANGUAGE, BETWEEN ENGLISH AND NORN 
Folklore 
The Up-Helly-Aa 
-LINKS WITH NORWAY 
-ECONOMY 
Agriculture 
Breeding 
Fishing and fish farming 
Oil 
Tourism 
-BIRTH (WITH ORIGINAL SIN) AND DEVELOPMENT OF LERWICK 
Some significant urban development dates 
The "original sin" of Lerwick: smuggling 
The history of lodberries 
-MAINLAND 
Lerwick 
Scalloway 
In the north of Mainland: The Gallows Hill (The "Hill of Witches"), Tingwall, Weisdale Voe, Esha Ness 
In the south of Mainland 
-COLLECTIVE EXISTENTIAL CRISIS 
-FOUR CULTURAL REVOLUTIONS 
First Revolution, 1886: The Crofters' Act 
Second Revolution, 1960: wool, knitwear, refrigerated fish, silver craftsmanship 
Third Revolution, 1971-1998: discovery and exploitation of oil and gas 
Fourth Revolution, 1998-today: contraction of oil extraction, revival and development of traditional economic activities (crofting, breeding, fishing, fish farming), tourism 
Oil, gas 
Fishing and fish farming 
Cultivation, breeding, tourism 
-SMUGGLING AND PIRACY IN THE ARCHIPELAGO 
-SHIPWRECKS 
In Scotland
Protection of wrecks of historical importance 
In the Shetlands 
The ground stations of the haaf: Walls and Stenness (Mainland) 
"Important" shipwrecks and wrecks protected by law: XVII-XVIII century 
During the Great War 
In the Second World War 
-FAIR ISLE 
1. The shipwreck of El Gran Grifón, 1588 
2. Shipwrecks, 1868-1894 
3. The “Year of the Disaster”, 1897 
The background 
The tragedy begins 
The request for help 
-ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALL THE DATA (ECONOMIC, STATISTICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, ETHNOGRAPHIC, ETC.) CONTAINED IN MY BOOKS HAVE BEEN CAREFULLY VERIFIED, ADDED AND UPDATED AT THE TIME OF THEIR PUBLICATION

376. A Winter Pilgrimage to the Edge of the North Sea: I am pleased to share a deep dive into my ULTIMA THULE. This work isn't just a travelogue; it’s an analytical journey through the socio-economic transformations of the Shetland Islands, from the Viking heritage to the oil era. On my blog, I discuss the urban evolution of Lerwick and the “Four Revolutions” that shaped this Northern Frontier

 

The dramatic cliffs of Esha Ness: where the raw power of the Atlantic meets the edge of the ancient world. A pivotal moment of my winter journey

The journey to the northernmost tip of the British Isles begins long before reaching the coast of Lerwick. Starting from the medieval streets of Durham and crossing the rugged Lake District, my winter study journey led me to a land of shipwrecks, smugglers, and "Witch Hills".
 ...

Pytheas "had heard that it is the most northerly of the British Isles, six days to the north of Britain and close almost one day only from the "Sea Ice", if it was not conceived as "Congealed Sea" (...) in which land and sea and everything floats, which is in a kind of jumble that holds all these things together, something that cannot be exceeded by men and ships (...) there is habitable land up to the "extreme parts around Thule".

Pytheas is the Greek geographer, navigator and astronomer (...) who, at the end of the fourth century B.C., made his famous and adventurous journey to the European boreal lands. 

Up to what was defined as the island of Thule or Ultima Thule: "extreme inhabited and habitable region, beyond which it was the domain of the sea, the fog, the storms and the ice". 

According to some, Thule would be identifiable in the Shetland Islands (...) 

I do not know if this northern archipelago is the Thule, more or less "Ultima", of the adventurous Greek. 

Undoubtedly for me, the island of Mainland represented the northernmost point touched in my life. 

Especially since the particular geo-astronomical aspect was immediately confirmed, if it was still needed, by the harsh winter climate. 

Connected by a frost so intense as to penetrate the bones. Often accompanied by impressive gusts of wind, suddenly able to push you. 

A worrying thing, indeed, especially when I went to admire the beautiful and impressive cliffs of the island overhanging the sea. So much to compel me, precautionary, to observe them from the edge, staying carefully "belly on the ground"...

And to say that, the year after, not even nine months away, I would even have reached the closest point to the Magnetic Pole.

In Resolute Bay (Lat 74 ° 41 'N), in the Canadian High Arctic, during my anthropological survey among the Eskimos (Inuit). Then, twenty years later, on two occasions, in the Norwegian Arctic Islands of SvalbardI would have crossed that latitude. 

First in Longyearbyen (Lat 78 ° 13' N), the capital, afterwards in Ny-Ålesund (Lat 78 ° 55' N), the historic "King’s Bay", on the occasion of the inauguration of the Italian Station Airship Italia.

Yet in 1982 I could feel more than satisfied with what, at the time, was my personal record. 

For the first time in my life I, who had carried out fieldworks only in tropical countries, could even think of finding myself more far north, than I really was. 

Like the numerous protagonists of the adventurous exploring and ethno-anthropological expeditions, that fascinated me so much as a boy.

...

The idea of writing this book, making it available to a wider audience of readers, compared to those who had been able to read my articles on the subject (...), came watching some episodes of: Shetland, a television series, produced by ITV for BBC Scotland

The protagonist was a police detective from Lerwick who, of course, successfully investigated the murders perpetrated in Mainland, the main island of the archipelago. 

Among other things, originally he was from Fair Island, the southernmost island, halfway between Shetland and Orkney.

Unexpectedly I felt a strong sense of nostalgia, looking again on the screen that environment, so completely different from the Mediterranean. 

Almost always characterized by a chiaroscuro of unusual, albeit singular, beauty. 

Which, soon left aside, after a strong shower of rain. Leaving space to vivid colours, which paradoxically make their appearance, one by one. 

The majestic panoramas, the gigantic cliffs overlooking the sea, the low clouds, the decidedly subarctic atmosphere, reminded me that those islands could really represent, about 2,500 years ago, the last habitable land of the oecumene

Because, even at a not so excessive latitude, I could even have the good luck to admire, high in the night sky, the shattering and phantasmagorical Northern Lights of the Ultima Thule...

That Nordic journey, carried out above all in a prohibitive season (December), would have been for me the very first approach to an ecological-cultural reality, radically different from all those that, until then, I knew (Sudan, Kenya, Mexico). 

That, the following year, with my survey among six Inuit communities of the Canadian Arctic, it would be strengthened. 

Since, in the mythical North West Passage, I would have gone even further north, not too far from the Magnetic Pole (...) 

Among other things, in those Scottish islands the former Africanist, as I was, would "meet" the Vikings for the first time. 

An initial approach, which later should have been consolidated. Since the Shetlands unknowingly represented the first of many "steps" of my future wandering, on the trail of the so-called Viking “Overseas Movement”, which would lead me: still to the South-West (Orkney, Scotland and North-Eastern England, Outer Hebrides (...), to the East (Russia).

From the foundational point of view of the Maritime Communities, that later I would approach, the "Vikings" constituted only one of the different aspects, present in the whole picture, even if among the most important and adventurous. 

Thanks to that study trip or, if you like, reconnaissance, before to the Shetlands, then to the southern Orkneys, even if unintentionally would have been thrown the first seed of what later would be transformed into my North Atlantic Maritime Community Program.

Communities that (...) have many common features. 

In fact, in addition to the presence of the Scandinavian raiders, who later became peaceful settlers, when we talk about North Atlantic Islands, we cannot fail to mention their geo-cultural isolation, sometimes even linguistic (.... Again, from the glottological point of view, the islands can be "dichotomized", because it is possible to distinguish those of substantially Celtic-Gaelic derivation, from those of originally Scandinavian-Viking language and culture.

Furthermore, their distance from the mother country must be underlined. So, the difficulty, or the total absence, of the maritime connections, especially in a more or less distant past. 

This often was added to the shortage or lack of essential supplies, especially food (...). 

Capable of provoking recurrent collective existential crises. Enough to make even impossible to survive. 

So that, as extrema ratio, repeatedly they would resort to the evacuation of their inhabitants. 

As in the case of the Outer Hebrides (island of Mingulay), or of the far more remote island of the "bird-men" of St Kilda

Otherwise, it was thought seriously to clear all the islanders (Iceland).

Based on the universe around (...) over time communities have sought to diversify their economies. 

So, even in consideration of the difficult conditions of the ocean waters, the islanders have often preferred to devote themselves to the hard cultivation of small plots of land (crofts), to obtain the necessary to survive. Rather than engaging in fishing. 

Which, when it happened, generally was only coastal, and faced with modest boats. 

Fact also due to the almost total lack of trees, which went hand in hand with the gradual loss, over time, of the indispensable nautical know-how. 

In fact, this was an insurmountable deterrent, which in most cases would have prevented them from going on to build vessels able to sail the ocean.

Thus, from the historical-cultural point of view, the Shetland islanders have been defined as "peasants with a boats". 

Compared to their Orkney "neighbours", considered "fishermen who cultivate". Cultivations in both cases associated with sheep breeding, both for wool and for meat. 

To which in several archipelagos fowling is added, for the presence of innumerable sea birds (...), for meat and eggs. 

(...) In the years, the Shetland communities have gone through genuine "Cultural Revolutions": four, from the middle of the nineteenth century to today! 

The penultimate of which, induced by the discovery and exploitation of oil in the North Sea, with the drilling platforms, saw me in 1982 as a witness.

I have dedicated the main chapters to the archipelago as a whole, to Mainland, the largest of the islands, and to the capital Lerwick. 

I added another chapter on Fair Isle, which I only observed flying over it with the plane, which took me to Orkneys. 

Since it is an important island. Not just because the model of the famous Shetland pullover comes from there. 

But for the reason that it was the scene of an innumerable series of shipwrecks, both of foreign ships, such as El Gran Grifón, belonging to the Spanish Great Armada, and of many island boats, in the so-called Year of the Disaster

Engraving by Jules Noël, 1873, representing the shipwrecks of the Invincible Armada in 1588

Through the pages of Ultima Thule, I invite you to walk with me along the frozen cliffs of Esha Ness and through the historic lodberries of Lerwick. It is a journey for those who hear the call of the North and wish to understand the deep, sometimes tragic, connection between a landscape and its people. Whether you are a scholar of Norse history or a traveler of the mind, I hope these memories of a winter pilgrimage bring the spirit of the Shetlands closer to your heart.

  From: ULTIMA THULE. MEMORIES OF A WINTER STUDY JOURNEY TO THE SHETLAND ISLANDS

E-Book, paper version in colour and black and white, 131 pages, 119 notes, 115 images, of which 90 in colour (55 belong to the Photo Gallery of the A.] 


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SUMMARY
-PREFACE 
-INTRODUCTION 
-STOPOVER IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND: DURHAM AND THE EXCURSION TO THE LAKE DISTRICT 
Durham, "model" of Urban Geography 
Warkworth, Lindisfarne and Durham 
Durham Foundation 
Sir Walter Scott, the Shetlands and Durham 
From coal mines to university colleges 
The excursion to Lake District 
-HISTORY OF SHETLANDS 
The Picts, the Brochs, Jarlshof 
Jarlshof 
Broch Clickhmin, Lerwick 
Vikings, Norwegians, Danish-Norwegians, Scots 
The archipelagos of the Shetlands and Orkneys offered under warranty to Scotland 
-LANGUAGE, BETWEEN ENGLISH AND NORN 
Folklore 
The Up-Helly-Aa 
-LINKS WITH NORWAY 
-ECONOMY 
Agriculture 
Breeding 
Fishing and fish farming 
Oil 
Tourism 
-BIRTH (WITH ORIGINAL SIN) AND DEVELOPMENT OF LERWICK 
Some significant urban development dates 
The "original sin" of Lerwick: smuggling 
The history of lodberries 
-MAINLAND 
Lerwick 
Scalloway 
In the north of Mainland: The Gallows Hill (The "Hill of Witches"), Tingwall, Weisdale Voe, Esha Ness 
In the south of Mainland 
-COLLECTIVE EXISTENTIAL CRISIS 
-FOUR CULTURAL REVOLUTIONS 
First Revolution, 1886: The Crofters' Act 
Second Revolution, 1960: wool, knitwear, refrigerated fish, silver craftsmanship 
Third Revolution, 1971-1998: discovery and exploitation of oil and gas 
Fourth Revolution, 1998-today: contraction of oil extraction, revival and development of traditional economic activities (crofting, breeding, fishing, fish farming), tourism 
Oil, gas 
Fishing and fish farming 
Cultivation, breeding, tourism 
-SMUGGLING AND PIRACY IN THE ARCHIPELAGO 
-SHIPWRECKS 
In Scotland
Protection of wrecks of historical importance 
In the Shetlands 
The ground stations of the haaf: Walls and Stenness (Mainland) 
"Important" shipwrecks and wrecks protected by law: XVII-XVIII century 
During the Great War 
In the Second World War 
-FAIR ISLE 
1. The shipwreck of El Gran Grifón, 1588 
2. Shipwrecks, 1868-1894 
3. The “Year of the Disaster”, 1897 
The background 
The tragedy begins 
The request for help 
-ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALL THE DATA (ECONOMIC, STATISTICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, ETHNOGRAPHIC, ETC.) CONTAINED IN MY BOOKS HAVE BEEN CAREFULLY VERIFIED, ADDED AND UPDATED AT THE TIME OF THEIR PUBLICATION